Thursday 26 April 2012

Gammagard IGIV


Generic Name: immune globulin (intravenous) (IGIV) (im MYOON GLOB yoo lin)

Brand Names: Carimune, Flebogamma, Gammagard (obsolete), Gammagard S/D, Gammaplex, Gammar-P I.V., Gamunex, Octagam, Polygam S/D, Privigen, Sandoglobulin


What is immune globulin intravenous (IVIG)?

Immune globulin intravenous is a sterilized solution made from human plasma. It contains the antibodies to help your body protect itself against infection from various diseases.


Immune globulin is used to treat primary immune deficiency, and to reduce the risk of infection in individuals with poorly functioning immune systems such as those with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). IGIV is also used to increase platelets (blood clotting cells) in people with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and to prevent aneurysm caused by a weakening of the main artery in the heart associated with Kawasaki syndrome.


Immune globulin is also used to treat chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), a debilitating nerve disorder that causes muscle weakness and can affect daily activities.


Immune globulin may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about immune globulin?


Immune globulin can harm your kidneys, and this effect is increased when you also use certain other medicines harmful to the kidneys. Before using immune globulin, tell your doctor about all other medications you use. Many other drugs (including some over-the-counter medicines) can be harmful to the kidneys.


Before using immune globulin intravenous, tell your doctor if you have kidney disease, diabetes (especially if you use insulin), a history of stroke or blood clot, heart disease, high blood pressure, a condition called paraproteinemia, or if you are over 65 years old.


To be sure this medicine is helping your condition and is not causing harmful effects, your blood will need to be tested often. Your kidney function may also need to be tested. Visit your doctor regularly.

This medication can cause unusual results with certain blood glucose tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using immune globulin.


Immune globulin is made from human plasma (part of the blood) which may contain viruses and other infectious agents. Donated plasma is tested and treated to reduce the risk of it containing infectious agents, but there is still a small possibility it could transmit disease. Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of using this medication.


What should I discuss with my health care provider before using immune globulin?


You should not use this medication if you have ever had an allergic reaction to an immune globulin or if you have immune globulin A (IgA) deficiency with antibody to IgA.

To make sure you can safely use immune globulin, tell your doctor if you have any of these other conditions:



  • kidney disease;




  • diabetes (especially if you use insulin);




  • a history of stroke or blood clot;




  • heart disease or high blood pressure;




  • a condition called paraproteinemia; or




  • if you are over 65 years old.




FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether immune globulin will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using this medication. It is not known if immune globulin passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

Immune globulin is made from human plasma (part of the blood) which may contain viruses and other infectious agents. Donated plasma is tested and treated to reduce the risk of it containing infectious agents, but there is still a small possibility it could transmit disease. Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of using this medication.


How is immune globulin intravenous given?


Immune globulin intravenous is injected into a vein through an IV. You may be shown how to use an IV at home. Do not self-inject this medicine if you do not fully understand how to give the injection and properly dispose of used needles, IV tubing, and other items used to inject the medicine.


IVIG should not be injected into a muscle or under the skin.


Do not use the medication if it has changed colors or has particles in it. Call your doctor for a new prescription. Throw away any unused medicine that is left over after injecting your dose.


Use each disposable needle only one time. Throw away used needles in a puncture-proof container (ask your pharmacist where you can get one and how to dispose of it). Keep this container out of the reach of children and pets.


IVIG is usually given every 3 to 4 weeks. Your dosing schedule may be different. Follow your doctor's instructions.


Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results.


To be sure this medicine is helping your condition and is not causing harmful effects, your blood will need to be tested often. Your kidney function may also need to be tested. Visit your doctor regularly.

This medication can cause unusual results with certain blood glucose tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using immune globulin.


Some brands of immune globulin should be stored in a refrigerator, while others can be kept at room temperature. Follow the directions on your prescription label or ask your pharmacist if you have questions about how to store the medication. Do not allow the medicine to freeze.

What happens if I miss a dose?


Call your doctor for instructions if you miss a dose of this medication.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

What should I avoid while using immune globulin?


Do not receive a "live" vaccine while using IVIG. The vaccine may not work as well during this time, and may not fully protect you from disease. Live vaccines include measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), oral polio, typhoid, chickenpox (varicella), BCG (Bacillus Calmette and Guérin), and nasal flu vaccine.

Immune globulin side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:

  • urinating less than usual or not at all;




  • drowsiness, confusion, mood changes, increased thirst, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting;




  • swelling, weight gain, feeling short of breath;




  • wheezing, chest tightness;




  • feeling like you might pass out;




  • fever with headache, neck stiffness, chills, increased sensitivity to light, purple spots on the skin, and/or seizure (convulsions); or




  • pale or yellowed skin, dark colored urine, fever, confusion or weakness.



Less serious side effects may include:



  • mild headache;




  • dizziness;




  • tired feeling;




  • back pain, muscle cramps;




  • minor chest pain; or




  • flushing (warmth, redness, or tingly feeling).



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


What other drugs will affect immune globulin?


Immune globulin can harm your kidneys. This effect is increased when you also use other medicines harmful to the kidneys. You may need dose adjustments or special tests if you have recently used:



  • lithium (Lithobid);




  • methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall);




  • pain or arthritis medicines such as aspirin (Anacin, Excedrin), acetaminophen (Tylenol), diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren), etodolac (Lodine), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), indomethacin (Indocin), meloxicam (Mobic), nabumetone (Relafen), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), piroxicam (Feldene), and others;




  • medicines used to treat ulcerative colitis, such as mesalamine (Pentasa) or sulfasalazine (Azulfidine);




  • medicines used to prevent organ transplant rejection, such as cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune), sirolimus (Rapamune) or tacrolimus (Prograf);




  • IV antibiotics such as amphotericin B (Fungizone, AmBisome, Amphotec, Abelcet), amikacin (Amikin), bacitracin (Baci-IM), capreomycin (Capastat), gentamicin (Garamycin), kanamycin (Kantrex), streptomycin, or vancomycin (Vancocin, Vancoled);




  • antiviral medicines such as adefovir (Hepsera), cidofovir (Vistide), or foscarnet (Foscavir); or




  • cancer medicine such as aldesleukin (Proleukin), carmustine (BiCNU, Gliadel), cisplatin (Platinol), ifosfamide (Ifex), oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), streptozocin (Zanosar), or tretinoin (Vesanoid).



This list is not complete and other drugs may interact with immune globulin. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.



More Gammagard resources


  • Gammagard Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Gammagard Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Gammagard Drug Interactions
  • Gammagard Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Gammagard - Add your own review/rating


Compare Gammagard with other medications


  • Autoimmune Neutropenia
  • Bone Marrow Transplantation
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
  • Evan's Syndrome
  • HIV Infection
  • Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
  • Kawasaki Disease
  • Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
  • Primary Immunodeficiency Syndrome


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about immune globulin intravenous.

See also: Gammagard side effects (in more detail)


Conex Solution


Pronunciation: DEX-brome-fen-IR-a-meen/SOO-doe-e-FED-rin
Generic Name: Dexbrompheniramine/Pseudoephedrine
Brand Name: Conex


Conex Solution is used for:

Relieving symptoms of sinus congestion, pressure, runny nose, and sneezing due to colds, upper respiratory infections, and allergies. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.


Conex Solution is an antihistamine and decongestant combination. The antihistamine works by blocking the action of histamine, which helps reduce symptoms such as watery eyes and sneezing. The decongestant promotes sinus and nasal drainage, which relieves congestion and pressure.


Do NOT use Conex Solution if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Conex Solution

  • you have severe high blood pressure, severe heart blood vessel disease, rapid heartbeat, or severe heart problems

  • you are taking sodium oxybate (GHB) or you have taken furazolidone or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (eg, phenelzine) within the last 14 days

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Conex Solution:


Some medical conditions may interact with Conex Solution. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have a fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat

  • if you have a history of asthma; lung problems (eg, emphysema); sleep apnea; adrenal gland problems (eg, adrenal gland tumor); heart problems; high blood pressure; diabetes; blood vessel problems; stroke; glaucoma or increased pressure in the eye; a blockage of your bladder, stomach, or intestines; ulcers; trouble sleeping; trouble urinating; an enlarged prostate or other prostate problems; seizures; thyroid problems; or phenylketonuria

Some medical conditions may interact with Conex Solution. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • Digoxin or droxidopa because the risk of irregular heartbeat or heart attack may be increased

  • Beta-blockers (eg, propranolol), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors (eg, tolcapone), furazolidone, indomethacin, MAOIs (eg, phenelzine), sodium oxybate (GHB), or tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline) because they may increase the risk of Conex Solution's side effects

  • Bromocriptine or hydantoins (eg, phenytoin) because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Conex Solution

  • Guanadrel, guanethidine, mecamylamine, methyldopa, or reserpine because their effectiveness may be decreased by Conex Solution

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Conex Solution may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Conex Solution:


Use Conex Solution as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Take Conex Solution by mouth with or without food.

  • Use a measuring device marked for medicine dosing.

  • If you miss a dose of Conex Solution, take it as soon as you remember. Continue to take it as directed by your doctor or on the package label.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Conex Solution.



Important safety information:


  • Conex Solution may cause drowsiness, dizziness, or blurred vision. These effects may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Conex Solution with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.

  • Check with your doctor before you drink alcohol or use medicines that may cause drowsiness (eg, sleep aids, muscle relaxers) while you are using Conex Solution; it may add to their effects. Ask your pharmacist if you have questions about which medicines may cause drowsiness.

  • Do not take diet or appetite control medicines while you are taking Conex Solution without checking with your doctor.

  • Conex Solution has dexbrompheniramine and pseudoephedrine in it. Before you start any new medicine, check the label to see if it has an antihistamine or decongestant in it too. If it does or if you are not sure, check with your doctor or pharmacist.

  • Do NOT take more than the recommended dose or use for longer than prescribed without checking with your doctor.

  • If your symptoms do not get better within 5 to 7 days, if they get worse, or if they occur with a fever, check with your doctor.

  • Conex Solution may cause you to become sunburned more easily. Avoid the sun, sunlamps, or tanning booths until you know how you react to Conex Solution. Use a sunscreen or wear protective clothing if you must be outside for more than a short time.

  • Conex Solution may interfere with skin allergy tests. If you are scheduled for a skin test, talk to your doctor. You may need to stop taking Conex Solution for a few days before the tests.

  • Some of these products contain phenylalanine. If you must have a diet that is low in phenylalanine, ask your pharmacist if it is in your product.

  • Tell your doctor or dentist that you take Conex Solution before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery.

  • Use Conex Solution with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, excitability, low blood pressure, and trouble urinating.

  • Caution is advised when using Conex Solution in CHILDREN; they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially excitability.

  • Conex Solution should not be used in CHILDREN younger than 6 years old without first checking with the child's doctor; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Conex Solution while you are pregnant. Do not take Conex Solution in the third trimester of pregnancy. Conex Solution is found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Conex Solution.


Possible side effects of Conex Solution:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Constipation; diarrhea; dizziness; drowsiness; dry mouth; excitability; headache; loss of appetite; nausea; nervousness or anxiety; trouble sleeping; upset stomach; vomiting; weakness.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); blurred vision or other vision changes; difficulty urinating or inability to urinate; fast or irregular heartbeat; hallucinations; mood or mental changes; persistent trouble sleeping; restlessness; seizures; severe dizziness, lightheadedness, or headache; severe drowsiness; tremor.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Conex side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include blurred vision; confusion; hallucinations; ringing in the ears; seizures; severe dizziness, lightheadedness, or headache; severe drowsiness; unusually fast, slow, or irregular breathing; unusually fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat.


Proper storage of Conex Solution:

Store Conex Solution at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Brief storage at temperatures between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C) is permitted. Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Conex Solution out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Conex Solution, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Conex Solution is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Conex Solution. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Conex resources


  • Conex Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Conex Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Conex Drug Interactions
  • Conex Support Group
  • 49 Reviews for Conex - Add your own review/rating


Compare Conex with other medications


  • Cold Symptoms
  • Hay Fever
  • Nasal Congestion
  • Sinus Symptoms

Sunday 22 April 2012

Cabergoline




Cabergoline TABLETS USP

Rx only

Cabergoline Description


Cabergoline USP is a dopamine receptor agonist. The chemical name for Cabergoline is 1-[(6-allylergolin-8β-yl)-carbonyl]-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylurea and has the following structural formula:



C26H37N5O2 M. W. 451.62


Cabergoline is a white powder soluble in ethyl alcohol, chloroform, and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF); slightly soluble in 0.1N hydrochloric acid; very slightly soluble in n-hexane; and insoluble in water.


Each Cabergoline Tablet USP, for oral administration, contains 0.5 mg of Cabergoline and has the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous lactose and leucine.



Cabergoline - Clinical Pharmacology



Mechanism of Action


The secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary is mainly under hypothalmic inhibitory control, likely exerted through release of dopamine by tuberoinfundibular neurons. Cabergoline is a long-acting dopamine receptor agonist with a high affinity for D2 receptors. Results of in vitro studies demonstrate that Cabergoline exerts a direct inhibitory effect on the secretion of prolactin by rat pituitary lactotrophs. Cabergoline decreased serum prolactin levels in reserpinized rats. Receptor-binding studies indicate that Cabergoline has low affinity for dopamine D1, α1- and α2- adrenergic, and 5-HT1- and 5-HT2-serotonin receptors.



Clinical Studies


The prolactin-lowering efficacy of Cabergoline was demonstrated in hyperprolactinemic women in two randomized, double-blind, comparative studies, one with placebo and the other with bromocriptine. In the placebo-controlled study (placebo n = 20; Cabergoline n = 168), Cabergoline produced a dose-related decrease in serum prolactin levels with prolactin normalized after 4 weeks of treatment in 29%, 76%, 74% and 95% of the patients receiving 0.125, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg twice weekly respectively.


In the 8 week, double-blind period of the comparative trial with bromocriptine (Cabergoline n = 223; bromocriptine n = 236 in the intent-to-treat analysis), prolactin was normalized in 77% of the patients treated with Cabergoline at 0.5 mg twice weekly compared with 59% of those treated with bromocriptine at 2.5 mg twice daily. Restoration of menses occurred in 77% of the women treated with Cabergoline, compared with 70% of those treated with bromocriptine. Among patients with galactorrhea, this symptom disappeared in 73% of those treated with Cabergoline compared with 56% of those treated with bromocriptine.



Pharmacokinetics


Absorption

Following single oral doses of 0.5 mg to 1.5 mg given to 12 healthy adult volunteers, mean peak plasma levels of 30 to 70 picograms (pg)/mL of Cabergoline were observed within 2 to 3 hours. Over the 0.5 to 7 mg dose range, Cabergoline plasma levels appeared to be dose-proportional in 12 healthy adult volunteers and nine adult parkinsonian patients. A repeat-dose study in 12 healthy volunteers suggests that steady-state levels following a once-weekly dosing schedule are expected to be two-fold to three-fold higher than after a single dose. The absolute bioavailability of Cabergoline is unknown. A significant fraction of the administered dose undergoes a first-pass effect. The elimination half-life of Cabergoline estimated from urinary data of 12 healthy subjects ranged between 63 to 69 hours. The prolonged prolactin-lowering effect of Cabergoline may be related to its slow elimination and long half-life.


Distribution

In animals, based on total radioactivity, Cabergoline (and/or its metabolites) has shown extensive tissue distribution. Radioactivity in the pituitary exceeded that in plasma by > 100 fold and was eliminated with a half-life of approximately 60 hours. This finding is consistent with the long-lasting prolactin-lowering effect of the drug. Whole body autoradiography studies in pregnant rats showed no fetal uptake but high levels in the uterine wall. Significant radioactivity (parent plus metabolites) detected in the milk of lactating rats suggests a potential for exposure to nursing infants. The drug is extensively distributed throughout the body. Cabergoline is moderately bound (40% to 42%) to human plasma proteins in a concentration-independent manner. Concomitant dosing of highly protein-bound drugs is unlikely to affect its disposition.


Metabolism

In both animals and humans, Cabergoline is extensively metabolized, predominately via hydrolysis of the acylurea bond or the urea moiety. Cytochrome P-450 mediated metabolism appears to be minimal. Cabergoline does not cause enzyme induction and/or inhibition in the rat. Hydrolysis of the acylurea or urea moiety abolishes the prolactin-lowering effect of Cabergoline, and major metabolites identified thus far do not contribute to the therapeutic effect.


Excretion

After oral dosing of radioactive Cabergoline to five healthy volunteers, approximately 22% and 60% of the dose was excreted within 20 days in the urine and feces, respectively. Less than 4% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. Nonrenal and renal clearances for Cabergoline are about 3.2 L/min and 0.08 L/min, respectively. Urinary excretion in hyperprolactinemic patients was similar.



Special Populations


Renal Insufficiency

The pharmacokinetics of Cabergoline were not altered in 12 patients with moderate-to-severe renal insufficiency as assessed by creatinine clearance.


Hepatic Insufficiency

In 12 patients with mild-to-moderate hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh score ≤ 10), no effect on mean Cabergoline Cmax or area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) was observed. However, patients with severe insufficiency (Child-Pugh score > 10) show a substantial increase in the mean Cabergoline Cmax and AUC, and thus necessitate caution.


Elderly

Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of Cabergoline has not been studied.



Food-Drug Interaction


In 12 healthy adult volunteers, food did not alter Cabergoline kinetics.



Pharmacodynamics


Dose response with inhibition of plasma prolactin, onset of maximal effect, and duration of effect has been documented following single Cabergoline doses to healthy volunteers (0.05 to 1.5 mg) and hyperprolactinemic patients (0.3 to 1 mg). In volunteers, prolactin inhibition was evident at doses > 0.2 mg, while doses ≥ 0.5 mg caused maximal suppression in most subjects. Higher doses produce prolactin suppression in a greater proportion of subjects and with an earlier onset and longer duration of action. In 12 healthy volunteers, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg doses resulted in complete prolactin inhibition, with a maximum effect within 3 hours in 92% to 100% of subjects after the 1 and 1.5 mg doses compared with 50% of subjects after the 0.5 mg dose.


In hyperprolactinemic patients (n = 51), the maximal prolactin decrease after a 0.6 mg single dose of Cabergoline was comparable to 2.5 mg bromocriptine; however, the duration of effect was markedly longer (14 days vs. 24 hours). The time to maximal effect was shorter for bromocriptine than Cabergoline (6 hours vs. 48 hours).


In 72 healthy volunteers, single or multiple doses (up to 2 mg) of Cabergoline resulted in selective inhibition of prolactin with no apparent effect on other anterior pituitary hormones (GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH) or cortisol.



Indications and Usage for Cabergoline


Cabergoline Tablets USP are indicated for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders, either idiopathic or due to pituitary adenomas.



Contraindications


Cabergoline tablets are contraindicated in patients with


  • Uncontrolled hypertension or known hypersensitivity to ergot derivatives.

  • History of cardiac valvular disorders, as suggested by anatomical evidence of valvulopathy of any valve, determined by pre-treatment evaluation including echocardiographic demonstration of valve leaflet thickening, valve restriction, or mixed valve restriction-stenosis (see WARNINGS).

  • History of pulmonary, pericardial, cardiac valvular, or retroperitoneal fibrotic disorders (see PRECAUTIONS, Fibrosis).


Warnings



Pregnancy


Dopamine agonists in general should not be used in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension, for example, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and post partum hypertension, unless the potential benefit is judged to outweigh the possible risk.



Fibrotic Complications


Cardiac Valvulopathy

All patients should undergo a cardiovascular evaluation, including echocardiogram to assess the potential presence of valvular disease. If valvular disease is detected, the patient should not be treated with Cabergoline (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Postmarketing cases of cardiac valvulopathy have been reported in patients receiving Cabergoline. These cases have generally occurred during administration of high doses of Cabergoline (> 2mg/day) for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Cases of cardiac valvulopathy have also been reported in patients receiving lower doses of Cabergoline for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders.


A multi-country, retrospective cohort study using general practice records and record linkage systems in the UK, Italy and the Netherlands was conducted to assess the association between new use of dopamine agonists including Cabergoline (n = 27,812) for Parkinson’s disease and hyperprolactinemia and cardiac valvular regurgitation (CVR), other fibroses, and other cardiopulmonary events over a maximum of 12 years of follow up. In this study, the use of Cabergoline among persons with Parkinson's disease was associated with an increased risk of CVR when compared to non-ergot-derived dopamine agonists (DAs) and levodopa [Incidence Rate (IR) per 10,000 person years of 68.1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 37.2 to 115.3) for Cabergoline vs. 10 (95% CI: 5.2 to 19.4) for non-ergot DAs and 11.3 (95% CI: 7.2 to 17.0) for levodopa]. In the study analysis confined to persons with dopamine agonist-treated hyperprolactinemia (n = 8,386), when compared to non-use (n = 15,147), persons exposed to Cabergoline did not have an elevated risk of CVR. The findings with respect to the risk of CVR associated with Cabergoline treatment for persons with Parkinson’s disease (increased risk) and those with hyperprolactinemia (no increased risk) are consistent with the findings in other published studies.


Physicians should use the lowest effective dose of Cabergoline for the treatment of hyperprolactinemic disorders and should periodically reassess the need for continuing therapy with Cabergoline. Following treatment initiation, clinical and diagnostic monitoring (for example, chest x-ray, CT scan and cardiac echocardiogram) should be conducted to assess the risk of cardiac valvulopathy. The recommended frequency of routine echocardiographic monitoring is every 6 to 12 months or as clinically indicated with the presence of signs and symptoms such as edema, new cardiac murmur, dyspnea, or congestive heart failure.


Cabergoline should be discontinued if an echocardiogram reveals new valvular regurgitation, valvular restriction or valve leaflet thickening.


Cabergoline should be used with caution in patients exposed to other medications associated with valvulopathy.


Extracardiac Fibrotic Reactions

Postmarketing cases of pleural, pericardial, and retroperitoneal fibrosis have been reported following administration of Cabergoline. Some reports were in patients previously treated with other ergotinic dopamine agonists. Cabergoline should not be used in patients with a history of cardiac or extracardiac fibrotic disorders.


Fibrotic disorders can have an insidious onset and patients should be monitored for manifestations of progressive fibrosis. Therefore, during treatment, attention should be paid to the signs and symptoms of:


  • Pleuro-pulmonary disease such as dyspnea, shortness of breath, persistent cough or chest pain.

  • Renal insufficiency or ureteral/abdominal vascular obstruction that may occur with pain in the loin/flank and lower limb edema as well as any possible abdominal masses or tenderness that may indicate retroperitoneal fibrosis.

  • Cardiac failure: Cases of valvular and pericardial fibrosis have often manifested as cardiac failure. Therefore, valvular fibrosis (and constrictive pericarditis) should be excluded if such symptoms occur.

Clinical and diagnostic monitoring such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, chest x-ray, serum creatinine measurements, and other investigations should be considered at baseline and as necessary while patients are treated with Cabergoline.


Following diagnosis of pleural effusion or pulmonary fibrosis, the discontinuance of Cabergoline was reported to result in improvement of signs and symptoms.



Precautions



General


Initial doses higher than 1 mg may produce orthostatic hypotension. Care should be exercised when administering Cabergoline with other medications known to lower blood pressure.


Postpartum Lactation Inhibition or Suppression

Cabergoline tablets are not indicated for the inhibition or suppression of physiologic lactation. Use of bromocriptine, another dopamine agonist for this purpose, has been associated with cases of hypertension, stroke, and seizures.


Hepatic Impairment

Since Cabergoline is extensively metabolized by the liver, caution should be used, and careful monitoring exercised, when administering Cabergoline to patients with hepatic impairment.



Psychiatric


Pathological gambling, increased libido, and hypersexuality have been reported in patients treated with dopamine agonists including Cabergoline. This has been generally reversible upon reduction of the dose or treatment discontinuation (see Postmarketing Surveillance Data).



Information for Patients


Patients should be instructed to notify their physician if they suspect they are pregnant, become pregnant, or intend to become pregnant during therapy. A pregnancy test should be done if there is any suspicion of pregnancy and continuation of treatment should be discussed with their physician.


Patients should notify their physician if they develop shortness of breath, persistent cough, difficulty with breathing when lying down, or swelling in their extremities.



Drug Interactions


Cabergoline should not be administered concurrently with D2-antagonists, such as phenothiazines, butyrophenones, thioxanthenes, or metoclopramide.



Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility


Carcinogenicity studies were conducted in mice and rats with Cabergoline given by gavage at doses up to 0.98 mg/kg/day and 0.32 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are 7 times and 4 times the maximum recommended human dose calculated on a body surface area basis using total mg/m2/week in rodents and mg/m2/week for a 50 kg human.


There was a slight increase in the incidence of cervical and uterine leiomyomas and uterine leiomyosarcomas in mice. In rats, there was a slight increase in malignant tumors of the cervix and uterus and interstitial cell adenomas. The occurrence of tumors in female rodents may be related to the prolonged suppression of prolactin secretion because prolactin is needed in rodents for the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In the absence of prolactin, the estrogen/progesterone ratio is increased, thereby increasing the risk for uterine tumors. In male rodents, the decrease in serum prolactin levels was associated with an increase in serum luteinizing hormone, which is thought to be a compensatory effect to maintain testicular steroid synthesis. Since these hormonal mechanisms are thought to be species-specific, the relevance of these tumors to humans is not known.


The mutagenic potential of Cabergoline was evaluated and found to be negative in a battery of in vitro tests. These tests included the bacterial mutation (Ames) test with Salmonella typhimurium, the gene mutation assay with Schizosaccharomyces pombe P1 and V79 Chinese hamster cells, DNA damage and repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D4, and chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. Cabergoline was also negative in the bone marrow micronucleus test in the mouse.


In female rats, a daily dose of 0.003 mg/kg for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout the mating period inhibited conception. This dose represents approximately 1/28 the maximum recommended human dose calculated on a body surface area basis using total mg/m2/week in rats and mg/m2/week for a 50 kg human.



Pregnancy


Teratogenic Effects

Category B


Reproduction studies have been performed with Cabergoline in mice, rats, and rabbits administered by gavage.


(Multiples of the maximum recommended human dose in this section are calculated on a body surface area basis using total mg/m2/week for animals and mg/m2/week for a 50 kg human.)


There were maternotoxic effects but no teratogenic effects in mice given Cabergoline at doses up to 8 mg/kg/day (approximately 55 times the maximum recommended human dose) during the period of organogenesis.


A dose of 0.012 mg/kg/day (approximately 1/7 the maximum recommended human dose) during the period of organogenesis in rats caused an increase in post-implantation embryofetal losses. These losses could be due to the prolactin inhibitory properties of Cabergoline in rats. At daily doses of 0.5 mg/kg/day (approximately 19 times the maximum recommended human dose) during the period of organogenesis in the rabbit, Cabergoline caused maternotoxicity characterized by a loss of body weight and decreased food consumption. Doses of 4 mg/kg/day (approximately 150 times the maximum recommended human dose) during the period of organogenesis in the rabbit caused an increased occurrence of various malformations. However, in another study in rabbits, no treatment-related malformations or embryofetotoxicity were observed at doses up to 8 mg/kg/day (approximately 300 times the maximum recommended human dose).


In rats, doses higher than 0.003 mg/kg/day (approximately 1/28 the maximum recommended human dose) from 6 days before parturition and throughout the lactation period inhibited growth and caused death of offspring due to decreased milk secretion.


There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.



Nursing Mothers


It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Cabergoline, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Use of Cabergoline for the inhibition or suppression of physiologic lactation is not recommended (see PRECAUTIONS section).


The prolactin-lowering action of Cabergoline suggests that it will interfere with lactation. Due to this interference with lactation, Cabergoline should not be given to women postpartum who are breastfeeding or who are planning to breastfeed.



Pediatric Use


Safety and effectiveness of Cabergoline in pediatric patients have not been established.



Geriatric Use


Clinical studies of Cabergoline did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.



Adverse Reactions


The safety of Cabergoline tablets has been evaluated in more than 900 patients with hyperprolactinemic disorders. Most adverse events were mild or moderate in severity.


In a 4 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, treatment consisted of placebo or Cabergoline at fixed doses of 0.125, 0.5, 0.75, or 1 mg twice weekly. Doses were halved during the first week. Since a possible dose-related effect was observed for nausea only, the four Cabergoline treatment groups have been combined. The incidence of the most common adverse events during the placebo-controlled study is presented in the following table.























































































Incidence of Reported Adverse Events During the 4 Week, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

*Reported at ≥ 1% for Cabergoline


Adverse Event*Cabergoline (n = 168)0.125 to 1 mg twotimes a week Placebo(n = 20) 
Number (percent) 
Gastrointestinal  
Nausea45 (27)4 (20)
Constipation16 (10)0
Abdominal pain9 (5)1 (5)
Dyspepsia4 (2)0
Vomiting4 (2)0
Central and Peripheral Nervous System  
Headache43 (26)5 (25)
Dizziness25 (15)1 (5)
Paresthesia2 (1)0
Vertigo2 (1)0
Body As A Whole
Asthenia15 (9)2 (10)
Fatigue12 (7)0
Hot flashes2 (1)1 (5)
Psychiatric
Somnolence9 (5)1 (5)
Depression5 (3)1 (5)
Nervousness4 (2)0
Autonomic Nervous System
Postural hypotension6 (4)0
Reproductive – Female
Breast pain2 (1)0
Dysmenorrhea2 (1)0
Vision
Abnormal vision2 (1)0

In the 8 week, double-blind period of the comparative trial with bromocriptine, Cabergoline (at a dose of 0.5 mg twice weekly) was discontinued because of an adverse event in 4 of 221 patients (2%) while bromocriptine (at a dose of 2.5 mg two times a day) was discontinued in 14 of 231 patients (6%). The most common reasons for discontinuation from Cabergoline were headache, nausea and vomiting (3, 2 and 2 patients respectively); the most common reasons for discontinuation from bromocriptine were nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness or vertigo (10, 3, 3, and 3 patients respectively). The incidence of the most common adverse events during the double-blind portion of the comparative trial with bromocriptine is presented in the following table.





















































































































































Incidence of Reported Adverse Events During the 8 Week, Double-Blind Period of the Comparative Trial With Bromocriptine

*Reported at ≥ 1% for Cabergoline


Adverse Event* Cabergoline (n = 221)Bromocriptine (n = 231)
Number (percent)
Gastrointestinal 
Nausea63 (29)100 (43)
Constipation15 (7)21 (9)
Abdominal pain12 (5)19 (8)
Dyspepsia11 (5)16 (7)
Vomiting9 (4)16 (7)
Dry mouth5 (2)2 (1)
Diarrhea4 (2)7 (3)
Flatulence4 (2)3 (1)
Throat irritation2 (1)0
Toothache2 (1)0
Central and Peripheral Nervous System 
Headache58 (26)62 (27)
Dizziness38 (17)42 (18)
Vertigo9 (4)10 (4)
Paresthesia5 (2)6 (3)
Body As A Whole 
Asthenia13 (6)15 (6)
Fatigue10 (5)18 (8)
Syncope3 (1)3 (1)
Influenza-like symptoms2 (1)0
Malaise2 (1)0
Periorbital edema2 (1)2 (1)
Peripheral edema2 (1)1
Psychiatric 
Depression7 (3)5 (2)
Somnolence5 (2)5 (2)
Anorexia3 (1)3 (1)
Anxiety3 (1)3 (1)
Insomnia3 (1)2 (1)
Impaired concentration2 (1)1
Nervousness2 (1)5 (2)
Cardiovascular 
Hot flashes6 (3)3 (1)
Hypotension3 (1)4 (2)
Dependent edema2 (1)1
Palpitation2 (1)5 (2)
Reproductive – Female 
Breast pain5 (2)8 (3)
Dysmenorrhea2 (1)1
Skin and Appendages
Acne3 (1)0
Pruritus2 (1)1
Musculoskeletal 
Pain4 (2)6 (3)
Arthralgia2 (1)0
Respiratory 
Rhinitis2 (1)9 (4)
Vision
Abnormal vision2 (1)2 (1)

Other adverse events that were reported at an incidence of < 1% in the overall clinical studies follow.


Body as a Whole


Facial edema, influenza-like symptoms, malaise


Cardiovascular System


Hypotension, syncope, palpitations


Digestive System


Dry mouth, flatulence, diarrhea, anorexia


Metabolic and Nutritional System


Weight loss, weight gain


Nervous System


Somnolence, nervousness, paresthesia, insomnia, anxiety


Respiratory System


Nasal stuffiness, epistaxis


Skin and Appendages


Acne, pruritus


Special Senses


Abnormal vision


Urogenital System


Dysmenorrhea, increased libido


The safety of Cabergoline has been evaluated in approximately 1,200 patients with Parkinson’s disease in controlled and uncontrolled studies at dosages of up to 11.5 mg/day which greatly exceeds the maximum recommended dosage of Cabergoline for hyperprolactinemic disorders. In addition to the adverse events that occurred in the patients with hyperprolactinemic disorders, the most common adverse events in patients with Parkinson’s disease were dyskinesia, hallucinations, confusion, and peripheral edema. Heart failure, pleural effusion, pulmonary fibrosis, and gastric or duodenal ulcer occurred rarely. One case of constrictive pericarditis has been reported.



Postmarketing Surveillance Data


The following events have been reported in association with Cabergoline: cardiac valvulopathy and extracardiac fibrotic reactions (see WARNINGS, Cardiac Valvulopathy and Extracardiac Fibrotic Reactions).


Others events have been reported in association with Cabergoline: hypersexuality, increased libido, pathological gambling (see PRECAUTIONS, Psychiatric). In addition, cases of alopecia, aggression and psychotic disorder have been reported in patients taking Cabergoline. Some of these reports have been in patients who have had prior adverse reactions to dopamine agonist products.



Overdosage


Overdosage might be expected to produce nasal congestion, syncope, or hallucinations. Measures to support blood pressure should be taken if necessary.



Cabergoline Dosage and Administration


The recommended dosage of Cabergoline tablets for initiation of therapy is 0.25 mg twice a week. Dosage may be increased by 0.25 mg twice weekly up to a dosage of 1 mg twice a week according to the patient’s serum prolactin level. Before initiating treatment, cardiovascular evaluation should be performed and echocardiography should be considered to assess for valvular disease.


Dosage increases should not occur more rapidly than every 4 weeks, so that the physician can assess the patient’s response to each dosage level. If the patient does not respond adequately, and no additional benefit is observed with higher doses, the lowest dose that achieved maximal response should be used and other therapeutic approaches considered. Patients receiving long-term treatment with Cabergoline should undergo periodic assessment of their cardiac status and echocardiography should be considered.


After a normal serum prolactin level has been maintained for 6 months, Cabergoline may be discontinued, with periodic monitoring of the serum prolactin level to determine whether or when treatment with Cabergoline should be reinstituted. The durability of efficacy beyond 24 months of therapy with Cabergoline has not been established.



How is Cabergoline Supplied


Cabergoline Tablets USP, 0.5 mg are available as white, oval-shaped, scored tablets, debossed



, “0.5” with a score on one side and “5420” on the other side containing 0.5 mg Cabergoline, packaged in bottles of 8 tablets.


Dispense in a tight container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure (as required).


Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].


KEEP THIS AND ALL MEDICATIONS OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.


Made In Czech Republic By:


TEVA CZECH INDUSTRIES s.r.o.


Opava-Komarov, Czech Republic


Manufactured For:


TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA


Sellersville, PA 18960


Rev. B 8/2011


Cabergoline TABLETS USP



PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL




Principal Display Panel Text


NDC 0093-5420-88


Cabergoline


Tablets USP


0.5 mg


Each tablet contains:


Cabergoline, USP 0.5 mg


Dispense in original container


Rx only


8 TABLETS UNIT-OF-USE


TEVA








Cabergoline 
Cabergoline  tablet










Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)0093-5420
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    








Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
Cabergoline (Cabergoline)Cabergoline0.5 mg








Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
ANHYDROUS LACTOSE 
LEUCINE 


















Product Characteristics
ColorWHITEScore2 pieces
ShapeOVALSize7mm
FlavorImprint Code0;5;companylogo;5420
Contains      

Thursday 19 April 2012

Daktacort Cream & Ointment (Janssen-Cilag Ltd)





1. Name Of The Medicinal Product



Daktacort™ Cream.


2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition



Miconazole nitrate 2% w/w and hydrocortisone 1% w/w.



3. Pharmaceutical Form



White, homogeneous cream.



4. Clinical Particulars



4.1 Therapeutic Indications



For the topical treatment of inflamed dermatoses where infection by susceptible organisms and inflammation co-exist, eg intertrigo and infected eczema.



Moist or dry eczema or dermatitis including atopic eczema, primary irritant or contact allergic eczema or seborrhoeic eczema including that associated with acne.



Intertriginous eczema including inflammatory intertrigo, perianal and genital dermatitis.



Organisms which are susceptible to miconazole are dermatophytes and pathogenic yeasts (eg Candida spp.). Also many Gram-positive bacteria including most strains of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus.



The properties of Daktacort indicate it particularly for the initial stages of treatment. Once the inflammatory symptoms have disappeared (after about 7 days), treatment can be continued where necessary with Daktarin™ Cream or Daktarin™ Powder.



4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration



For topical administration.



Apply the cream two or three times a day to the affected area, rubbing in gently until the cream has been absorbed by the skin.



4.3 Contraindications



True hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients. Tubercular or viral infections of the skin or those caused by Gram-negative bacteria.



4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use



When Daktacort is used by patients taking oral anticoagulants, the anticoagulant effect should be carefully monitored.



Severe hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and angioedema, have been reported during treatment with miconazole topical formulations.



If a reaction suggesting hypersensitivity or irritation should occur, the treatment should be discontinued.



As with any topical corticosteroid, care is advised with infants and children when Daktacort is to be applied to extensive surface areas or under occlusive dressings including baby napkins; similarly, application to the face should be avoided.



In infants, long term continuous topical corticosteroid therapy should be avoided. Adrenal suppression can occur even without occlusion.



Because of its corticosteroid content avoid long-term treatment with Daktacort. Once the inflammatory symptoms have disappeared treatment may be continued with Daktarin cream or Daktarin Powder. (See Section 4.1)



4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction



Miconazole administered systemically is known to inhibit CYP3A4/2C9. Due to the limited systemic availability after topical application (see Section 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties), clinically relevant interactions are rare. However, in patients on oral anticoagulants, such as warfarin, caution should be exercised and anticoagulant effect should be monitored.



Miconazole is a CYP3A4 inhibitor that can decrease the rate of metabolism of hydrocortisone. Serum concentrations of hydrocortisone may be higher with the use of Daktacort compared with topical preparations containing hydrocortisone alone



4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation



Pregnancy



Clinical data on the use of Daktacort Cream in pregnancy are limited. Corticosteroids are known to cross the placenta and consequently can affect the foetus. (See Section 5.3). Administration of corticosteroids to pregnant animals can cause abnormalities of foetal development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been established.



As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Daktacort during pregnancy. Treatment of large surfaces and the application under occlusive dressing is not recommended.



Breastfeeding



There are no adequate and well-controlled studies on the topical administration of Daktacort Cream during lactation. It is not known whether concomitant topical administration of Daktacort Cream to the skin could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities of hydrocortisone and miconazole in breast milk in humans.



A risk to the newborn child cannot be excluded.



A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from Daktacort therapy taking into account the benefit of breast feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.



4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines



None known.



4.8 Undesirable Effects



The safety of Daktacort Cream was evaluated in 480 patients who participated in 13 clinical trials (six double-blind and seven open-label trials) of Daktacort Cream. These studies examined patients from 1 month to 95 years of age with infections of the skin caused by dermatophytes or Candida species in which inflammatory symptoms were prominent.



All Patients



No adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported by



The frequency categories use the following convention: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); and not known (cannot be estimated from the available clinical trial data).



Of the three ADRs identified from the 13 clinical trials of Daktacort Cream, skin irritation was reported in one clinical trial that included patients aged 17 to 84 years, skin burning sensation in two clinical trials that included patients aged 13 to 84 years, and irritability in one clinical trial of infants aged 1 to 34 months.



Paediatric Population



The safety of Daktacort Cream was evaluated in 63 paediatric patients (1 month to 14 years of age) who were treated with Daktacort Cream in 3 of the 13 clinical trials noted above. One ADR term (irritability) was reported in these 3 trials. The frequency of irritability in Daktacort Cream-treated paediatric patients was common (3.2%).



All events of irritability occurred in one clinical trial of infants (aged 1 to 34 months) with napkin (diaper) dermatitis. The frequency, type, and severity of other ADRs in paediatric patients are expected to be similar to those in adults.reactions (ADRs) were reported by



Adverse Drug Reactions in Adult and Paediatric Patients Treated With Daktacort Cream






















System Organ Class




Adverse drug reactions


 


Frequency Category


  


Uncommon



(




Not Known


 


Immune System Disorders



 


Anaphylactic reaction, Hypersensitivity




Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders




Skin irritation, Skin burning sensation, Urticaria, Pruritus




Angioedema, Rash, Contact dermatitis, Erythema, Skin inflammation, Skin hypopigmentation, Application site reaction




General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions




Irritability



 


4.9 Overdose



Topically applied corticosteroids can be absorbed in sufficient amounts to produce systemic effects. If accidental ingestion of large quantities of the product occurs, an appropriate method of gastric emptying may be used if considered necessary.



5. Pharmacological Properties



5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties



Miconazole nitrate is active against dermatophytes and pathogenic yeasts, and many Gram-positive bacteria. Hydrocortisone has anti-inflammatory activity.



5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties



Absorption



Miconazole remains in the skin after topical application for up to 4 days. Systemic absorption of miconazole is limited, with a bioavailability of less than 1% following topical application of miconazole. Plasma concentrations of miconazole and/or its metabolites were measurable 24 and 48 hours after application. Approximately 3% of the dose of hydrocortisone is absorbed after application on the skin.



Distribution



Absorbed miconazole is bound to plasma proteins (88.2%) and red blood cells (10.6%). More than 90% of hydrocortisone is bound to plasma proteins.



Metabolism and elimination



The small amount of miconazole that is absorbed is eliminated predominantly in faeces as both unchanged drug and metabolites over a four-day post-administration period. Smaller amounts of unchanged drug and metabolites also appear in urine.



The half-life of hydrocortisone is about 100 minutes. Metabolism takes place in the liver and tissues and the metabolites are excreted with the urine, mostly as glucuronides, together with a very small fraction of unchanged hydrocortisone.



5.3 Preclinical Safety Data



Preclinical data on the drug product (miconazole nitrate + hydrocortisone) revealed no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of ocular irritation, dermal sensitization, single dose oral toxicity, primary dermal irritation toxicity, and 21-day repeat dose dermal toxicity. Additional preclinical data on the individual active ingredients in this drug product reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of local irritation, single and repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, and for miconazole toxicity to reproduction. Miconazole has shown no teratogenic effects but is fetotoxic at high oral doses. Reproductive effects (fetotoxicty, reduced weight gain) and developmental abnormalities specifically craniofacial effects including cleft palate have been reported with hydrocortisone in various animal models.



6. Pharmaceutical Particulars



6.1 List Of Excipients



PEG-6, PEG-32 and glycol stearate



Oleoyl macroglycerides



Mineral oil



Benzoic acid



Disodium edetate



Butylated hydroxyanisole



Purified water



6.2 Incompatibilities



None.



6.3 Shelf Life



36 months.



6.4 Special Precautions For Storage



Store in a refrigerator (2-8°C).



6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container



Aluminium tube with polypropylene cap.



Each tube contains 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, 30 g or 75 g cream.



6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling



None.



7. Marketing Authorisation Holder



Janssen-Cilag Ltd



50-100 Holmers Farm Way



High Wycombe



Buckinghamshire



HP12 4 EG



UK



8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)



PL 00242/0042



9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation







Date of First Authorisation:

04/02/77

Renewal of Authorisation:

24/02/2009


10. Date Of Revision Of The Text



17 November 2011



LEGAL CATEGORY


POM.




Metyrapone


Pronunciation: me-TIR-a-pone
Generic Name: Metyrapone
Brand Name: Metopirone


Metyrapone is used for:

Testing hypothalamus and pituitary function.


Metyrapone is a diagnostic aid. It works by blocking the body's natural production of cortisol and corticosterone, which increases the production of corticotropin (ACTH). This helps to test the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.


Do NOT use Metyrapone if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Metyrapone

  • you have certain adrenal gland problems (adrenal cortical insufficiency) or are taking a corticosteroid (eg, prednisone)

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Metyrapone:


Some medical conditions may interact with Metyrapone. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have a history of adrenal gland or thyroid gland problems

  • if you have taken phenytoin within the past 2 weeks

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Metyrapone. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Acetaminophen because the risk of liver problems may be increased

  • Insulin or oral hypoglycemics (eg, glyburide) because the side effects of Metyrapone may be increased

  • Corticosteroids (eg, prednisone ), estrogen, or phenytoin because the effectiveness of Metyrapone may be decreased

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Metyrapone may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Metyrapone:


Use Metyrapone as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Take Metyrapone with yogurt or milk as directed by your doctor.

  • Do not miss any doses. If you are using Metyrapone for a diagnostic test and miss a dose, contact your doctor right away.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Metyrapone.



Important safety information:


  • Metyrapone may cause drowsiness or dizziness. These effects may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Metyrapone with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.

  • Metyrapone is to be used prior to lab tests performed to test hypothalamus and pituitary gland function. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you think you may be pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Metyrapone while you are pregnant. It is not known if Metyrapone is found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use Metyrapone, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby.


Possible side effects of Metyrapone:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Dizziness; drowsiness; headache; nausea; stomach pain; vomiting.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); fainting; severe dizziness or drowsiness.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Metyrapone side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include anxiety; confusion; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; severe dizziness or drowsiness; severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach pain; symptoms of dehydration (eg, dry mouth or eyes, sluggishness); symptoms of low blood sodium levels (eg, mental or mood changes, seizures); weakness.


Proper storage of Metyrapone:

Store Metyrapone at room temperature, below 86 degrees F (30 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Metyrapone out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Metyrapone, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Metyrapone is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Metyrapone. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Metyrapone resources


  • Metyrapone Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Metyrapone Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Metyrapone Drug Interactions
  • Metyrapone Support Group
  • 0 Reviews · Be the first to review/rate this drug


  • metyrapone Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Metopirone Prescribing Information (FDA)